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Werner Nachtigall (born June 7, 1934 in Saaz, Czechoslovakia) is a German zoologist and biologist. After graduating from high school in Augsburg, he studied at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in the fields of natural sciences biology, physics, chemistry and geography with a diploma in Technical Biology and Bionics. From 1959 to 1961 he was research assistant at the Radiobiology Institute in Neuherberg, later in the Zoological Institute of the University of Munich. His research interests during this time gave rise to questions that later led to the foundation of the field of bionics in Germany. In 1967 he was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1969 he was appointed professor and director of the Zoological Institute of Saarland University. In 1990 he initiated the field of study called "Technical Biology and Biomimetics" (which he supervised until his retirement in 2002) and also the "Society for Technical Biology and Bionics" (GTBB) of which he was the first chairman until 2003.〔Pade, C. , Petschow, U., Pissarskoi, E. & von Gleich, A. 2010. Potentials and Trends in Biomimetics. Springer〕 After his retirement in 2002 he became head of the BMBF-funded Competence Network Biomimetics BIOKON at the University of Saarland. == Research == By making use of biostatistics, and also bringing together several scientific and engineering disciplines, his research which focused on mechanisms for movement in the animal kingdom led him to pioneer the field of bionics in Germany. Much of his published work centres on technology in the fields of biology, flight biomechanics and general bionics. In addition to technical scientific papers (over 300), he has published several popular books (over 30) as well as articles which has stimulated interest in this emerging field. Professor Marianne Stokholm head of the department of Architecture & Design at Aalborg university (AAU ) Denmark, writes:〔http://vbn.aau.dk/files/3291925/Bionik-studievejledning.pdf〕 "The German biologist Werner Nachtigall has since the 1960's been occupied with bionics. His writing on the subject is among the best." Nachtigall formulated ten principles which he felt should undergird bionics:〔http://www.formundzweck.com/eng/autoren.php?N+Nachtigall+Werner〕 * 1. The concept of biological design can be understood in analogous relation to the concept of technological design; * 2. The structural relation of technical biology and bionics is of image and reflection; * 3. The organism forms a functional whole; * 4. Biological design follows the principle of "optimum integration" * 5. The organism compensates for harmful overloading * 6. The overall size of an organism defines its stability * 7. An organism has environmental contact with the inorganic. * 8. A form always meets multiple requirements * 9. The organism is in contact with other organisms * 10. The organism faces a permanent energy crisis Biomechanist Steven Vogel in his book "Life's devices: the physical world of animals and plants" 〔Vogel, S. 1988. Life's devices: the physical world of animals and plants. Princeton paperbacks. ISBN 0-691-02418-9, ISBN 978-0-691-02418-9〕 writes "Wherever nature has a structure, biologists have be painstakingly describing it, but most often paying little attention to mechanical functions. Nachtigall (1974) went the next step, gathering a vast collection of structural schemes for attachment, classifying them by function, and comparing each with its technological analogs. Among interlocking joints he recognizes miters, rabbets, dovetails, and mortises; under releasable attachments he describes plugs and sockets, hooks and eyes, snaps, vises, forceps, anchors, suction cups, and others. The diversity defies summarization. Even velcro has its biological analog – what Nachtigall calls 'probabilistic' attachments, coatings of burrs invented repeatedly as a dispersal device for the seeds and fruits of plants. All that these latter require is gentle contact with a sufficiently irregular surface (fur perhaps originally but cloth works at least as well) and enough burrs attach to provide a surprisingly strong connection. Velcro...represents highly successful bioemulation: its inventor Georges DeMestral, deliberately worked from the seed barbs of cocklebur and burdock." (Vogel, 1988:283) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Werner Nachtigall」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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